Students understand advanced theoretic concepts of object-relational databases, abstract data types, and spatial and temporal database extensions. They are familiar with object-oriented spatial data modeling in the field of geographical information sciences, know how to map these models to relational database schemas, and can use spatial database querying languages. They understand the concept of service oriented architecture, interoperability in heterogeneous and distributed spatial data infrastructures, and know international standards for geographical information and how to apply them.